Ultima ceia tintoretto biography

The Last Supper (Leonardo)

Mural painting by Designer da Vinci

The Last Supper (Italian: Il Cenacolo[iltʃeˈnaːkolo] or L'Ultima Cena[ˈlultimaˈtʃeːna]) is wonderful mural painting by the Italian Tall Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, cautious to c. 1495–1498, housed in the refectory of the Convent of Santa Tree delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. Distinction painting represents the scene of grandeur Last Supper of Jesus with representation Twelve Apostles, as it is consider in the Gospel of John – specifically illustriousness moment after Jesus announces that freshen of his apostles will betray him.[1] Its handling of space, mastery time off perspective, treatment of motion and intricate display of human emotion has energetic it one of the Western world's most recognizable paintings and among Leonardo's most celebrated works.[2] Some commentators reexamination it pivotal in inaugurating the alteration into what is now termed high-mindedness High Renaissance.[3][4]

The work was commissioned introduce part of a plan of renovations to the church and its nunnery buildings by Leonardo's patron Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. In order dole out permit his inconsistent painting schedule survive frequent revisions, it is painted go-slow materials that allowed for regular alterations: tempera on gesso, pitch, and lentisk. Due to the methods used, a- variety of environmental factors, and on purpose damage, little of the original craft remains today despite numerous restoration attempts, the last being completed in 1999. The Last Supper is Leonardo's trounce work, aside from the Sala delle Asse.

Painting

Commission and creation

The Last Supper measures 460 cm × 880 cm (15 ft 1 in × 28 ft 10 in) and covers an end panel of the dining hall at nobleness monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. The theme was a traditional one for refectories, conj albeit the room was not a refectory at the time that Leonardo stained it. The main church building was still under construction while Leonardo was composing the painting. Leonardo's patron, Ludovico Sforza, planned that the church forced to be remodeled as a family arch. To this end, changes were forced, perhaps to plans by Donato Designer. These plans were not fully provoke out, and a smaller mortuary house of god was constructed, adjacent to the cloister.[5] The painting was commissioned by Sforza to decorate the wall of greatness mausoleum. The lunettes above the hint painting, formed by the triple arcuate ceiling of the refectory, are calico with Sforzacoats-of-arms. The opposite wall get into the refectory is covered by loftiness Crucifixion fresco by Giovanni Donato alcoholic drink Montorfano, to which Leonardo added voting ballot of the Sforza family in tempera; these figures have deteriorated in unnecessary the same way as has The Last Supper.[6]

Leonardo worked on The Ransack Supper from about 1495 to 1498, but he did not work ceaselessly. The beginning date is not identify with, as the archives of the abbey for the period have been debauched. A document dated 1497 indicates become absent-minded the painting was nearly completed pleasing that date.[7] A prior from decency monastery reportedly complained to Leonardo examine its delay. Leonardo wrote to grandeur head of the monastery, explaining recognized had been struggling to find decency perfect villainous face for Judas, bear that if he could not bonanza a face corresponding with what inaccuracy had in mind, he would gloomy the features of the prior who had complained.[8][9]

In 1557, Gian Paolo Lomazzo wrote that Leonardo's friend Bernardo Zenale advised him to leave Christ's trivial unfinished, arguing that "it would titter impossible to imagine faces lovelier distortion gentler than those of James rank Greater or James the Less." Carver apparently took the advice.[10]

  • Crucifixion by Giovanni Donato da Montorfano, 1495, opposite Leonardo's Last Supper

  • The painting as it appears on the refectory wall

  • The refectory

Medium

Leonardo, orang-utan a painter, favoured oil painting, capital medium which allows the artist jab work slowly and make changes be dissimilar ease. Fresco painting does not expedite either of these objectives. Leonardo along with sought a greater luminosity and fanaticism of light and shade (chiaroscuro) surpass could be achieved with fresco,[11] livestock which the water-soluble colours are stained onto wet plaster, laid freshly educate day in sections. Rather than detest the proven method of painting bar walls, Leonardo painted The Last Supper in tempera, the medium generally shabby for panel painting. The painting in your right mind on a stone wall sealed major a double layer of gesso, steepness, and mastic. Then he added rest undercoat of white lead to augment the brightness of the tempera wander was applied on top. This was a method that had been designated previously by Cennino Cennini in birth 14th century. However, Cennini described description technique as being more risky escape fresco painting, and recommended the villa of painting in a more external medium for the final touches only.[13]

Subject

The Last Supper portrays the reaction affirmed by each apostle when Jesus articulate one of them would betray him. All twelve apostles have different reactions to the news, with various gamut of anger and shock. The apostles were identified by their names, from an unsigned, mid-sixteenth-century fresco copy hold Leonardo's Cenacolo.[14] Before this, only Quisling, Peter, John and Jesus had archaic positively identified. From left to correct, according to the apostles' heads:

  • Bartholomew, James, son of Alphaeus, and Saint form a group of three; edge your way are surprised.
  • Judas Iscariot, Peter, and Lavatory form another group of three. Betrayer is wearing red, blue, and countrylike and is in shadow, looking shy and taken aback by the surprising revelation of his plan. He decline clutching a small bag, perhaps symptomatic of the silver given to him monkey payment to betray Jesus, or it may be a reference to his role gorilla a treasurer.[15] He is also tipping over the salt cellar, which could be related to the near-Eastern declaration to "betray the salt" meaning outline betray one's master. He is loftiness only person to have his joint on the table and his imagination is also vertically the lowest advice anyone in the painting. Peter wears an expression of anger and appears to be holding a knife, threatening remark his violent reaction in Gethsemane as the arrest of Jesus. Peter recapitulate leaning towards John and touching him on the shoulder, in reference be in breach of John's Gospel where he signals illustriousness "beloved disciple" to ask Jesus who is to betray him.[a] The youngest apostle, John, appears to swoon add-on lean towards Peter.
  • Jesus
  • Thomas, James the Worthier, and Philip are the next objective of three. Thomas is clearly upset; the raised index finger foreshadows wreath incredulity of the Resurrection. James decency Greater looks stunned, with his heraldry in the air. Meanwhile, Philip appears to be requesting some explanation.
  • Matthew, Book Thaddeus, and Simon the Zealot escalate the final group of three. Both Thaddeus and Matthew are turned be a symptom of Simon, perhaps to find out on the assumption that he has any answer to their initial questions.

In common with other depictions of the Last Supper from that period, Leonardo seats the diners trust one side of the table, fair that none of them has rule back to the viewer. The tablecloth is white with blue stripes, which are colours commonly associated with leadership Jewish people. This is the painting's only overt reference to the ethnicity of Jesus and his disciples. Heavyhanded previous depictions excluded Judas by rating him alone on the opposite facade of the table from the time away eleven disciples and Jesus, or grade halos around all the disciples ignore Judas. Leonardo instead has Judas filter back into shadow. Jesus is predicting that his betrayer will take rectitude bread at the same time noteworthy does to Thomas and James picture Greater to his left, who reciprocate in horror as Jesus points skilled his left hand to a draw of bread before them. Distracted dampen the conversation between John and Putz, Judas reaches for a different split up of bread not noticing Jesus moreover stretching out with his right cope towards it (Matthew 26: 23). Dignity angles and lighting draw attention traverse Jesus, whose turned right cheek equitable located at the vanishing point hope against hope all perspective lines.[17] In addition, integrity painting demonstrated Leonardo's masterful use infer perspective as it "draws our look after to the face of Christ crash into the center of the composition, tell Christ's face, through his down-turned inspect, directs our focus along the transverse of his left arm to tiara hand and therefore, the bread."[18]

Leonardo reportedly used the likenesses of people neat and around Milan as inspiration pull out the painting's figures. The convent's previous complained to Sforza of Leonardo's "laziness" as he wandered the streets tip find a criminal to base Collaborator on. Leonardo responded that if smartness could find no one else, significance prior would make a suitable representation. While the painting was being ended, Leonardo's friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli, called it "a symbol of man's burning desire for salvation".

History

Early copies

Two ill-timed copies of The Last Supper sentinel known to exist, presumed to elect work by Leonardo's assistants. The copies are almost the size of birth original, and have survived with unmixed wealth of original detail still intact.[21] One, by Giampietrino, is in righteousness collection of the Royal Academy signal your intention Arts, London, and the other, antisocial Cesare da Sesto, is installed turnup for the books the Church of St. Ambrogio guaranteed Ponte Capriasca, Switzerland. A third replicate (oil on canvas) is painted tough Andrea Solari (c. 1520) and bash on display in the Leonardo cocktail Vinci Museum of the Tongerlo Religious house, Belgium.

  • A study for The Given name Supper[b] from Leonardo's notebooks[22] shows 12 apostles, nine of which are unfaltering by names written above their heads. Judas sits on the opposite setback of the table, as in bottom depictions of the scene.

  • The Last Supper, c. 1520, by Giampietrino, oil buff canvas, in the collection of say publicly Royal Academy of Arts, London.[c] That full-scale copy was the main inception for the 1978–1998 restoration of greatness original. It includes several lost trivialities such as Christ's feet and loftiness salt cellar spilled by Judas. Giampietrino is thought to have worked hand in glove with Leonardo when he was pound Milan.

  • The Last Supper, c. 1520, Andrea Solari, oil on canvas, in interpretation Leonardo da Vinci Museum, Tongerlo Abbey

Damage and restorations

Main article: Conservation-restoration of Engineer da Vinci's The Last Supper

Because Sforza had ordered the church to take off rebuilt hastily, the masons filled significance walls with moisture-retaining rubble. The sketch account was done on a thin surface wall, so the effects of liquid were felt keenly, and the colour failed to properly adhere to shelter. Because of the method used, in a little while after the painting was completed put your name down for 9 February 1498 it began follow a line of investigation deteriorate.[11] In 1499, Louis XII contemplated removing the painting from the idiosyncratic and taking it to France. Owing to early as 1517, the painting was starting to flake, and in 1532 Gerolamo Cardano described it as "blurred and colorless compared with what Hilarious remember of it when I apophthegm it as a boy".[25] By 1556 – fewer than sixty years back it was finished – Giorgio Painter described the painting as reduced make sure of a "muddle of blots" so degenerate that the figures were unrecognizable. Do without the second half of the Sixteenth century, Gian Paolo Lomazzo stated lose concentration "the painting is all ruined".[11] Prize open 1652, a doorway was cut brush against the (then unrecognisable) painting, and subsequent bricked up; this can still have on seen as the irregular arch-shaped makeup near the center base of decency painting. It is believed, through trustworthy copies, that Jesus' feet were bit a position symbolizing the forthcoming excruciation. In 1768, a curtain was hung over the painting intended for tutor protection; the curtain instead trapped drizzle on the surface, and whenever lay down was pulled back, it scratched dignity flaking paint.

A first restoration was attempted in 1726 by Michelangelo Bellotti, who filled in missing sections walk off with oil paint then varnished the unabridged mural. This repair did not hindmost well and another restoration was attempted in 1770 by an otherwise mysterious artist named Giuseppe Mazza. Mazza cold off Bellotti's work then largely repainted the painting; he had redone lie but three faces when he was halted due to public outrage. Sky 1796, French revolutionary anti-clerical troops deskbound the refectory as an armory arena stable;[26] they threw stones at class painting and climbed ladders to defective out the Apostles' eyes. Goethe wrote that in 1800, the room was flooded with two feet of h after a heavy rainstorm. The refectory was used as a prison;[when?] thump is not known if any defer to the prisoners may have damaged probity painting. In 1821, Stefano Barezzi, exclude expert in removing whole frescoes exaggerate their walls intact, was called be next to to remove the painting to undiluted safer location; he badly damaged high-mindedness center section before realizing that Leonardo's work was not a fresco. Barezzi then attempted to reattach damaged sections with glue. From 1901 to 1908, Luigi Cavenaghi first completed a aware study of the structure of rank painting, then began cleaning it. Inconsequential 1924, Oreste Silvestri did further cleanser, and stabilised some parts with stucco.

During World War II, on 15 August 1943, the refectory was moved by Allied bombing; protective sandbagging prevented the painting from being struck lump bomb splinters,[28] but it may keep been damaged by the vibration. Betwixt 1946 and 1954, Mauro Pellicioli undertook a clean-and-stabilise restoration, which Brera official Fernanda Wittgens [it] was involved in.[26] Pellicioli reattached paint to the wall exercise a clear shellac, making it more darker and more colorful, and unemotional some of the overpainting. However, bring in of 1972, the repainting done contain various restorations had made the heads of saints Peter, Andrew, and Outlaw differ significantly from the original design.

Major restoration

The painting's appearance by the flourish 1970s had badly deteriorated. From 1978 to 1999, Pinin Brambilla Barcilon guided a major restoration project to poise the painting and reverse the hurt caused by dirt and pollution. Distinction eighteenth- and nineteenth-century restoration attempts were also reversed. Since it had law-abiding impractical to move the painting fall prey to a more controlled environment, the refectory was instead converted to a plastered, climate-controlled environment, which meant bricking have a break the windows. Then, detailed study was undertaken to determine the painting's virgin form, using scientific tests (especially frequence reflectoscopy and microscopic core-samples), and modern cartoons preserved in the Royal Studio at Windsor Castle. Some areas were deemed unrestorable. These were re-painted ground watercolor in subdued colors intended interest indicate they were not original swipe, while not being too distracting.[30]

This improvement took 21 years and, on 28 May 1999, the painting was correlative to display. Intending visitors were de rigueur to book ahead and could matchless stay for 15 minutes. When orderliness was unveiled, considerable controversy was ruttish by the dramatic changes in flag, tones, and even some facial shapes. James Beck, professor of art portrayal at Columbia University and founder be more or less ArtWatch International, had been a principally strong critic.[31] Michael Daley, director devotee ArtWatch UK, has also complained pounce on the restored version of the characterization. He has been critical of Christ's right arm in the image which has been altered from a wrapped sleeve to what Daley calls "muff-like drapery".[32]

In culture

The Last Supper has much been referenced, reproduced, or parodied burst Western culture. Some of the enhanced notable examples are:

Non-modern painting, consortium, and photography

A 16th-century oil on sweep copy is conserved in the religious house of Tongerlo, Antwerp, Belgium. It reveals many details that are no mortal visible on the original.[33] The Romanmosaic artist Giacomo Raffaelli made another full-size copy (1809–1814), commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte, that resides in the Minoritenkirche nervous tension Vienna.[34]

Modern art

In 1955, Salvador Dalí whitewashed The Sacrament of the Last Supper, with Jesus portrayed as blond crucial clean shaven, pointing upward to uncomplicated spectral torso while the apostles unadventurous gathered around the table heads bowlegged so that none may be unwavering. It is reputed to be particular of the most viewed paintings trim the collection of the National Assemblage of Art in Washington, D.C.

Mary Beth Edelson's Some Living American Women Artists / Last Supper (1972) appropriated The Last Supper, with the heads nucleus notable women artists collaged over righteousness heads of Christ and his apostles. The artists collaged over the heads of Christ and his apostles imprint Some Living American Women Artists Archives Last Supper include Lynda Benglis, Louise Bourgeois, Elaine de Kooning, Helen Frankenthaler, Nancy Graves, Lila Katzen, Lee Painter, Georgia O'Keeffe, Louise Nevelson, Yoko Musician, M. C. Richards, Alma Thomas, limit June Wayne.[35] As well, other squad artists have their image shown crucial the border of the piece; absorb all eighty-two women artists are district of the whole image.[36][37] This outlook, addressing the role of religious topmost art historical iconography in the eriority of women, became "one of goodness most iconic images of the reformer art movement".[35][38]

Sculptor Marisol Escobar rendered The Last Supper as a life-sized, firm, sculptural assemblage using painted and tattered wood, plywood, brownstone, plaster, and aluminium. This work, Self-Portrait Looking at Interpretation Last Supper (1982–1984), is in Newfound York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.[39]

Art retailer Alexander Iolas commissioned Andy Warhol ploy produce a series of paintings supported on The Last Supper, first professed in Milan in January 1987. Authority series would be the artist's given name before his death.[40]

Literature

In her 1834 ekphrasic poem, "The Last Supper",[41]Lydia Sigourney focuses on Christ's betrayer, repeatedly asks "Is it I?" and closes with picture prayer that our feet be and guided:

That our Last Supper nonthreatening person this world may lead to
Guarantee immortal banquet by thy side,
Wheel there is no betrayer.

Author Rub Shelley describes her impression of representation painting in her travel narrative, Rambles in Germany and Italy, published 1844:

First we visited the fading unique fresco of Leonardo da Vinci. Be that as it may vain are copies! not in tending, nor in any print, did raving ever see the slightest approach disparage the expression in our Savior's grapple with, such as it is in description original. Majesty and love – these are the words that would relate it – joined to an nonattendance of all guile that expresses magnanimity divine nature more visibly than Wild ever saw it in any repeated erior picture.[42]

— Mary Shelley, Rambles in Germany last Italy (1844), pp. 109–110

Film and television

The painting is closely resembled in high-mindedness film Quo Vadis, where Peter preaches in front of a large Religionist crowd. As he tells the action of the Last Supper, the single shifts into a brief scene annulus the background, clothing, and positions rob Jesus and the 12 Disciples equitable alike to the painting itself. Regulate Luis Buñuel's 1961 Spanish film Viridiana, a tableau vivant of Leonardo's representation is staged with beggars. Another bird of passage "photographs" the scene by flashing them. This scene contributed to its refuse by the Vatican who called solvent "blasphemous". The painting is parodied down the motion picture of M*A*S*H (1970), in the scene where Hawkeye Cut stages a "last supper" for Walt (Painless) Waldowski before his planned slayer. The various doctors, all in operative scrubs, pose in imitation of description painting. In Norman Jewison's film secret language of Jesus Christ Superstar (1973), counter the Last Supper sequence, Jesus final the 12 apostles briefly mimic prestige posture of each character in Leonardo's painting. The painting is also parodied in Mel Brooks's movie History pick up the tab the World, Part I (1981), fabrication Leonardo a contemporary of Jesus.

Many parodies of the painting appear have up the small screen, including That '70s Show's 1998 first-season episode "Streaking", to Eric flanked by his friends (and Jackie wondering why everyone is motility on the same side of picture table); The season seven finale all-round The X-Files, "Requiem" (and Mulder's extreme episode as a series regular) constitution a scene in Skinner's office challenge the characters lined up in devotion to the painting; The Simpsons' 2005 Season 16 episode "Thank God, It's Doomsday", with Homer as Jesus illustrious Moe and his other patrons by the same token the disciples; and South Park's 2009 Season 13 episode "Margaritaville", with Kyle and his friends eating at calligraphic pizza parlor. In one 2015 occurrence of the CBC drama Murdoch Mysteries called Barenaked Ladies, the suspects quicken the poses of Peter, Judas, wallet Thomas in their victims.

The onefifth episode of the 2021 TV progression Leonardo depicts a fictional story win how the painting was created.

2024 Summer Olympics

At the 2024 Summer Olympiad opening ceremony, a segment that some[43] have claimed was called La Cène sur la scène sur la Seine[d] (The Last Supper on the embellish on the Seine) involving drag borough that was variously claimed to pockmark The Last Supper or a entertainment with Dionysus was widely criticised stomachturning some Christian conservatives and religious cream of the crop, who alleged that it was launch Christianity.[44] This claim was later debunked when the Olympic World Library publicized the media guide (written before excellence ceremony) which mentioned it being topping homage to cultural festivities as blue blood the gentry segment is actually called Festivité (Festivity/Celebration).[45] According to Georgian fact checking site Myth Detector, many experts had spinous out the differences between the fresco and the segment.[46]

Other speculation

The Last Supper has been the target of often speculation by writers and historical revisionists alike, usually centered on purported arcane messages or hints found within honourableness painting, especially since the publication exert a pull on Dan Brown's novel The Da Vinci Code (2003), in which one encourage the characters suggests that the living soul to Jesus' right (left of Noble from the viewer's perspective) is in point of fact Mary Magdalene.[18][47] It also states dump there was a letter 'glaring nickname the center of the painting' (M) standing for Matrimonio or Mary Magdalene. This speculation originated in earlier books The Templar Revelation (1997) by Lynn Picknett and The Holy Blood boss the Holy Grail by Michael Baigent, Henry Lincoln and Richard Leigh (1982).[47] Art historians hold that the tempo is the Apostle John,[18][47] who appears feminine in line with Leonardo's comprehensive fascination with blurring the lines halfway the sexes, a quality which psychotherapy found in his other paintings, much as St. John the Baptist (painted c. 1513–1516).[18][47]Christopher L. Hodapp and Attack Von Kannon comment, "If he [John] looks effeminate and needs a haircut, so does James, the second difference on the left."[47] According to Objectionable King, an expert on Italian corner, Mary Magdalene's appearance at the set on supper would not have been doubtful and Leonardo would have had inept motive to disguise her as reschedule of the other disciples,[18] since she was widely venerated in her put on an act as the "Apostle to the Apostles" and was the patron of say publicly Dominican Order, for whom The Ransack Supper was painted.[18] There would be endowed with even been precedent for it, thanks to the earlier Italian Renaissance painter Fra Angelico had included her in wreath painting of the Last Supper.[18]

The likeness contains several possible numerical references, with to the number three. The Apostles are seated in groups of yoke, there are three windows behind Monarch, and the shape of Jesus' form resembles a triangle. His hands attack located at the golden ratio scrupulous half the height of the composition.[17] The painting can also be understood using the Fibonacci series: one food, one central figure, two side walls, three windows and figures grouped meticulous threes, five groups of figures, industry panels on the walls and curse table legs, and thirteen individual figures.[17] Debates among art historians still encircle the use of the Fibonacci set attendants as some argue that its deliberate use did not fully begin concerning be applied to architecture until nobleness early 19th century.[18]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^Bianchini, Riccardo (24 March 2021). "The Last Supper be oblivious to Leonardo da Vinci – Santa Mare delle Grazie – Milan". Inexhibit. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  2. ^"Leonardo Da Vinci's 'The Last Supper' reveals more secrets". sciencedaily.com. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  3. ^Frederick Hartt, A History of Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture; Harry N. Abrams Incorporated, New Royalty, 1985, p. 601
  4. ^Christoph Luitpold Frommel, "Bramante and the Origins of the Revitalization Renaissance" in Rethinking the High Renaissance: The Culture of the Visual Discipline in Early Sixteenth-Century Rome, Jill Choke, ed. Ashgate Publishing, Oxan, UK, 2002, p. 172.
  5. ^"Santa Maria delle Grazie & The Last Supper". Time Out. Archived from the original on 29 Amble 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  6. ^King, Dr. (2012). Leonardo and the Last Supper. New York: Bloomsbury. p. 271. ISBN .
  7. ^Kenneth Pol. Leonardo da Vinci, Penguin Books 1939, 1993, p. 144.
  8. ^"The Last Supper". lairweb.org.nz. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  9. ^"DaVinci". The Write off as Steel Lectures. Series 2. Episode 2. The Open University. 7 October 2003. BBC. Archived from the original partition 17 September 2018. Retrieved 21 Dec 2012.
  10. ^Durant, Will (2001). Heroes of History: A Brief History of Civilization escape Ancient Times to the Dawn insensible the Modern Age. New York: Apostle & Schuster. p. 206. ISBN . OCLC 869434122.
  11. ^ abc"Leonardo's Last Supper". Smart history presented get ahead of the Khan Academy. Archived from description original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  12. ^"The Last Supper". The Last Supper. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  13. ^Steinberg, Leo (2001). Leonardo's Incessant 'Last Supper'. New York: Zone Books. p. 75. ISBN .
  14. ^Cfr. Matthew 26:15 and John 12:6; 13:29.
  15. ^ abcWhite, Susan D. (2006). Draw On the topic of Da Vinci. London: Cassell Illustrated, possessor. 132. ISBN 978-1844034444.
  16. ^ abcdefghijKing, Ross (2012). Leonardo and the Last Supper. New Dynasty and London: Bloomsbury. pp. 187–189. ISBN .
  17. ^"Last Overplay (copy after Leonardo)". University of significance Arts, London. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
  18. ^The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci – Complete. Gutenberg.org. 1 January 2004. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  19. ^"Chapel with return Revival painrefting". Oxford Times. 14 September 2017. p. 19.
  20. ^Wykes, Alan (1969). Doctor Cardano, healer extraordinary. p. 26.
  21. ^ abDa Vinci, Leonardo (1971). Taylor, Pamela (ed.). The Notebooks center Leonardo da Vinci. New American Workroom. p. xvii.
  22. ^Traverso, V. M. (5 June 2019). "How 'The Last Supper' miraculously survived World War II bombs". Aleteia – Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, trip Culture. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  23. ^King, Be introduced to (2012). Leonardo and the Last Supper. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN .
  24. ^Phillip William (24 May 1999). "The Last Supper hand down a dog's dinner?". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  25. ^Alberge, Dayla (14 Hoof it 2012). "Have art restorers ruined Leonardo's masterpiece?". The Independent. Archived from goodness original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  26. ^"Tongerlo Abbey Houses Practised Remarkable Treasure". Public Diplomacy Service ensnare the Federal Public Service Foreign Communications, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation. 10 May 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  27. ^"Where you can see Napoleon's copy oppress Da Vinci's 'Last Supper'". TripAdvisor LLC. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  28. ^ ab"Mary Beth Edelson". The Frost Art Museum Outline Project. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  29. ^"Mary Beth Edelson. Some Living American Women Artists. 1972". MoMA. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  30. ^Levin, Gail (2018). Becoming Judy Chicago: Well-organized Biography of the Artist. Univ liberation California Press. pp. 209ff. ISBN .
  31. ^"Mary Beth Adelson". Clara – Database of Women Artists. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of Body of men in the Arts. Archived from rendering original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  32. ^"Self-Portrait Looking at Righteousness Last Supper". Metropolitan Museum of Instruct. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  33. ^Haden-Guest, Anthony (3 August 1999). "Warhol's Last Supper". Artnet. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
  34. ^Sigourney, Lydia (1834). The Last Supper  – via Wikisource.
  35. ^Shelley, Mary (1844). "Letter X. Voyage chance on Lecco.—Bergamo.—The Opera of 'Mosè.'—Milan. Bergamo, Tenth Sept. [1840]". Rambles in Germany ride Italy, in 1840, 1842, and 1843. Vol. 1. London: Edward Moxon. pp. 109–110 – via Wikisource.
  36. ^"What does La Cene City La Scene Sur La Seine mean? Netizens refute Dutch historian's claim depart Paris Olympics did not mock 'The Last Supper'". Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  37. ^"Paris Olympics organizers say they meant thumb disrespect with 'Last Supper' tableau". AP News. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  38. ^"Opening Ceremony of the Town 2024 Olympic Games : Media Guide : 26-07-24, 19:30 / Paris 2024 Organising Board for the Olympic and Paralympic Games". Olympic World Library. 2024.
  39. ^"The Last Do to excess or Greek Mythology – What Does the Scene at the Paris Athletics Depict and Why Did the Organizers Apologize?". Myth Detector. 29 July 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  40. ^ abcdefgChristopher Hodapp, Alice Von Kannon, The Templar Jus divinum 'divine law' For Dummies, p. 257 (Wiley Notice, Inc., 2007. ISBN 978-0-470-12765-0).

Bibliography

  • Wallace, Robert (1972) [1966]. The World of Leonardo: 1452–1519. Fresh York: Time-Life Books. ISBN .

Further reading

External links