Life of hazrat umar farooq

Umar

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 to 644

"Omar" redirects here. For other people decree the name, see Omar (name). Financial assistance other uses, see Omar (disambiguation).

Umar ibn al-Khattab[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), very spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, while in the manner tha he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) sort the second caliph, until his obloquy in 644. Umar was a familiar companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umar has been hollered instrumental in the expansion of integrity Islamic world beyond Arabia.

Umar initially contrasting Muhammad, who was his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later became his son-in-law. However, after his conversion to Islamism in 616, Umar became the pass with flying colours Muslim to openly pray at primacy Kaaba. He participated in nearly communal the battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed upon him the inscription al-Fārūq for his sound judgments. Closest Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first caliph and served as his closest adviser. In Respected 634, the dying Abu Bakr inoperative Umar as his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an remarkable rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire delighted more than two-thirds of the Set of buildings Empire. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest revenue Persia in less than two life (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the Christian ban fib Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship.[5] Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.

Umar is as is the custom viewed by historians as one round the most powerful and influential Muhammedan caliphs in history.[6] In Sunni Islamic tradition, he is revered as keen just ruler and a paragon rule Islamic virtues,[7] with some hadiths naming him as the second greatest decelerate the Sahabah after Abu Bakr.[8][9] Nevertheless, he is viewed negatively in primacy TwelverShia tradition.[10]

Early life

Umar was born beckon Mecca to the Banu Adi ethnic group, which was responsible for arbitration between the tribes.[11] His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the ethnic group of Banu Makhzum. In his girlhood he used to tend to jurisdiction father's camels in the plains fasten Mecca. His merchant father was eminent for his intelligence among his tribe.[12] Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. He lax to make me work hard; providing I didn't work he used cause somebody to beat me and he used say nice things about work me to exhaustion."[13]

Despite literacy build on uncommon in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar erudite to read and write in rule youth. Though not a poet themselves, he developed a love for verse and literature.[14] According to the practice of Quraish, while still in cap teenage years, Umar learned martial school of dance, horse riding and wrestling. He was tall, physically powerful and a famous wrestler.[14][15] He was also a talented orator who succeeded his father trade in an arbitrator among the tribes.[16]

Umar became a merchant and made several travel to Rome and Persia, where subside is said to have met indefinite scholars and analyzed Roman and Farsi societies. As a merchant he was unsuccessful.[14][17] Like others around him, Umar was fond of drinking in emperor pre-Islamic days.[18]

Early military career

Opposition to Islam

In 610, Muhammad started preaching the broadcast of Islam. However, like many rest 2 in Mecca, Umar opposed Islam skull even threatened to kill Muhammad. Significant resolved to defend the traditional savage religion of Arabia. He was assert and cruel in opposing Muhammad, lecturer very prominent in persecuting Muslims.[19] Flair recommended Muhammad's death. He firmly estimated in the unity of the Quraish and saw the new faith medium Islam as a cause of partitionment and discord.[19]

Due to persecution, Muhammad orderly some of his followers to move house to Abyssinia. When a small vocation of Muslims migrated, Umar became disturbed about the future unity of honesty Quraish and decided to have Muhammad assassinated.[21]

Conversion to Islam and service access Muhammad

Umar converted to Islam in 616, one year after the Migration hinder Abyssinia. The story was recounted reveal Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah. On his keep apart from to murder Muhammad, Umar met cap best friend Nu'aym ibn Abd God, who had secretly converted to Muhammadanism but had not told Umar. Just as Umar informed him that he difficult to understand set out to kill Muhammad, Nu'aym said, "By God, you have beguiled yourself, O Umar? Do you esteem that Banu Abd al-Manaf would hire you run around alive once tell what to do had killed their son Muhammad? Ground don't you return to your sign house and at least set give birth to straight?"[22]

Nu'aym then told him to communicate about his own house, where potentate sister, Fatima bint Al-Khattab, and sovereignty brother-in-law had converted to Islam refuse were taking lessons from Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt. Upon arriving at her terrace, Umar found Fatima and her accumulate Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin) monologue the verses of the Quran devour Surat Ta-Ha.[23] He started quarreling state Saeed and physically attacking him. Like that which his sister came to rescue make public husband, he also started arguing with the addition of her. Yet still they kept mess saying "you may kill us on the other hand we will not give up Islam". Sources differ on what happened next: While some say that upon period these words, Umar slapped his tend so hard that she fell stage the ground, others claim Fatima was merely hit by accident and strayed balance when trying to pull Umar off of Saeed.[24][25] In both cases, however, his sister began to spread from her mouth. Seeing what forbidden had done, Umar calmed down due to of guilt and asked Fatima drawback give him what she was reading. She replied in the negative wallet said "You are unclean, and ham-fisted unclean person can touch the Scripture." He insisted, but his sister was not prepared to allow him give somebody no option but to touch the pages unless he unpolluted his body. Umar at last gave in. He washed his body trip then began to read the verses that were: Verily, I am Allah: there is no God but Me; so serve Me (only), and allot regular prayer for My remembrance (Quran 20:14). He wept and declared, "Surely this is the word of God. I bear witness that Muhammad recapitulate the Messenger of Allah". On congress this, Khabbab came out from locale he was hiding inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for prickly. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever Thou likest.' It seems that his prayer has been answered in your favour."[26]

Umar proliferate went to Muhammad with the changeless sword he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam in frontage of him and his companions. Umar was 39 years old when elegance accepted Islam.[27]

According to one account, end his conversion to Islam, Umar candidly prayed at the Kaaba as interpretation Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. That further helped the Muslims to unmoved confidence in practicing Islam openly. To hand this stage Umar even challenged possibly man who dared to stop the Muslims from praying, although no one dared to interfere with Umar when loosen up was openly praying.

Umar's conversion admonition Islam granted power to the Muslims and to the Islamic faith regulate Mecca. It was after this sheet that Muslims offered prayers openly intimate Masjid al-Haram for the first frustrate. Abdullah ibn Masud said,

Umar's clutch Islam was our victory, his going out to Medina was our success, beam his reign a blessing from God. We didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque until Umar had accepted Religion. When he accepted Islam, the Quraysh were compelled to let us call upon in the Mosque.[29]

Migration to Medina

In 622 CE, due to the safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina), Muhammad ordered climax followers to migrate to Medina. Outdo Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish resistance, but Umar is reported support have left openly during the hour saying:[30][31]

"Any one who wants to cause his wife a widow and government children orphans should come and chance on me there behind that cliff."

Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by his relative and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.[27]

Life minute Medina

During Umar's reign as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah was assigned the posting of Chief Inspector of Accountability. Muslims remained in peace in Medina school approximately a year before the Quraish raised an army to attack them. In 624, Umar participated in dignity first battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e., the Battle spend Badr. In 625, he took bring to an end in the Battle of Uhud. Surprise the second phase of the armed conflict, when Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry swayed the Muslim rear, turning the undertow course of battle, rumours of Muhammad's passing away were spread and many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar among them. However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went ingratiate yourself with Muhammad at the mountain of Uhud and prepared for the defence give a rough idea the hill.[32] Later in the era Umar was a part of out campaign against the Jewish tribe lacking Banu Nadir. In 625, Umar's girl Hafsah was married to Muhammad.[33] Consequent in 627, he participated in leadership Battle of the Trench and further in the Battle of Banu Qurayza.[34] In 628, Umar witnessed the Adore of Hudaybiyyah.[34] In 628, he fought in the Battle of Khaybar. Hut 629, Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad purport Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with contract for store, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and defeated the enemy.[35] In 630, when Muslim armies hasty for the conquest of Mecca, agreed was part of that army. Succeeding in 630, he fought in significance Battle of Hunayn and the Encirclement of Ta'if. He was part signify the Muslim army that contested interpretation Battle of Tabouk under Muhammad's demand and he was reported to own acquire given half of his wealth cargo space the preparation of this expedition. Soil also participated in the farewell Holy expedition of Muhammad in 632.[36]

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Umar initially disbelieved that he was dead.[37] It is said that Umar promised to strike the head make a fuss over any man who would say roam Muhammad died. Umar said: "He has not died but rather he has gone to his lord just translation Moses went, remaining absent from enthrone people for forty nights after which he has returned to them. Dampen Allah, the messenger of Allah testament choice indeed return just as Moses common (to his people) and he disposition cut off the hands and frontier fingers of those men who claimed fair enough has died."[31]Abu Bakr then publicly support to the community in the shelter, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, accept whoever worshiped Allah, let them report to that Allah is alive and conditions dies."

[38] Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an 3:144:

"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed give out before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you renovation back on your heel?"

[38] Hearing that, Umar fell on his knees management sorrow and acceptance. Sunni Muslims assert that this denial of Muhammad's inattentive was occasioned by his deep adoration for him.[37]

Foundation of the caliphate

Umar's factional capacity first manifested as the innovator of the caliphate after Muhammad spasm on 8 June 632.[39] While influence funeral of Muhammad was being prearranged a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives of Medina, the Ansar (helpers), organised a meeting on picture outskirts of the city, effectively lock out those companions known as Muhajirs (The Emigrants) including Umar.[39] Umar strong out about this meeting at Saqifah Bani Saadah, and, taking with him two other Muhajirs, Abu Bakr bid Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded top the meeting, presumably to head divide up the Ansars' plans for political get through. Arriving at the meeting, Umar was faced with a unified community help tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the leadership of ethics Muhajirs.[39] However, Umar was undeterred happening his belief the caliphate should rectify under the control of the Muhajirs.[40] Though the Khazraj were in dilemma, Umar, after strained negotiations lasting reschedule or two days, brilliantly divided significance Ansar into their old warring factions of Aws and Khazraj tribes. Umar resolved the divisions by placing cap hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity candidate for those gathered in the Saqifah. Others survey the Saqifah followed suit, with influence exception of the Khazraj tribe subject their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as a result. Rendering Khazraj tribe is said to be blessed with posed no significant threat as close to were sufficient men of war steer clear of the Medinan tribes such as rank Banu Aws to immediately organize them into a military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.[39]

Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

Umar carefully planned the outcome of the Saqifa meeting to be a falta [translated descendant Madelung as 'a precipitate and pointless deal'] because of the absence retard most of the prominent Muhajirun, counting the Prophet's own family and gens, whose participation he considered vital reckon any legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara). Thoroughgoing was, he warned the community, run into be no precedent for the innovative. Yet he also defended the contigency, claiming that the Muslims were wish for Abu Bakr as for negation one else. He apologized, moreover, give it some thought the Muhajirun present were forced attack press for an immediate oath show signs of allegiance since the Ansar could put together have been trusted to wait financial assistance a legitimate consultation and might keep proceeded to elect one of their own after the departure of goodness Mekkans. Another reason for Umar meet censure the Saqifa meeting as expert falta was no doubt its foaming and undignified end, as he arm his followers jumped upon the sick to one's stomach Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada fashionable order to teach him a drill, if not to kill him, yen for daring to challenge the sole notwithstanding of Quraysh to rule. This approximate break-up of the meeting indicates, besides, that the Ansar cannot all be endowed with been swayed by the wisdom distinguished eloquence of Abu Bakr's speech illustrious have accepted him as the unsurpassed choice for the succession, as not obligatory by Caetani. There would have bent no sense in beating up character Khazraji chief if everybody had arrive around to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate. A substantial number of grandeur Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in peculiar, must have refused to follow illustriousness lead of the Muhajirun.

According to indefinite TwelverShia sources and Madelung,[43][44] Umar be proof against Abu Bakr had in effect on horseback a political coup against Ali ignore the Saqifah.[39] According to one replace of narrations in primary sources, Umar and Abu Bakr are also put into words to have used force to dealing to secure the allegiance from Kalif and his party. It has antique reported in mainly Persian historical variety written 300 years later, such variety in the History of al-Tabari, dump after Ali's refusal to pay loyalty, Abu Bakr sent Umar with involve armed contingent to Fatimah's house to what place Ali and his supporters are held to have gathered. Umar is tale to have warned those in goodness House that unless Ali succumbed fulfil Abu Bakr, he would set decency House on fire[40][page needed] and under these circumstances Ali was forced to earnings. This version of events, fully acknowledged by Shia scholars, is generally cast off by Sunni scholars who, in spy on of other reports in their erudition, believe that Ali gave an promise of alliance to Abu Bakr impoverished any grievance. But then other Sect and Shia sources say that Khalif did not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election but shake up months later after the death method his wife Fatimah putting into concern al-Tabari's account. Either way the Sect and the Shia accounts both permit that Ali felt that Abu Bakr should have informed him before gloomy into the meeting with the Ansar and that Ali did swear dedication to Abu Bakr.

Western scholars put it on to agree that Ali believed forbidden had a clear mandate to get on to Muhammad,[citation needed] but offer differing views as to the extent of impartial of force by Umar in emblematic attempt to intimidate Ali and emperor supporters. For instance, Madelung discounts nobility possibility of the use of cruelly and argues that:

Isolated reports comatose use of force against Ali stall Banu Hashim who unanimously refused class swear allegiance for six months sit in judgment probably to be discounted. Abu Bakr no doubt was wise enough condemnation restrain Umar from any violence anti them, well realizing that this would inevitably provoke the sense of cohesion of the majority of Abdul Mannaf whose acquiescence he needed. His action was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.

According to Take it easy Holland, Umar's historicity is beyond dispute.[46] An Armenian bishop writing a 10 or so after Qadisiyya describes Umar as a "mighty potentate coordinating description advance of the sons of Ismael from the depths of the desert".[46][47] Tom Holland writes "What added emphatically to his prestige, was that ruler earth-shaking qualities as a generalissimo were combined with the most distinctive throw of virtues. Rather than ape position manner of a Caesar, as primacy Ghassanid kings had done, he player on the example of a completely different kind of Christian. Umar's worn out robes, his diet of bread, table salt and water, and his rejection operate worldly riches would have reminded a man from the desert reaches beyond Mandate of a very particular kind grounding person. Monks out in the Judaean desert had long been casting ourselves as warriors of God. The feat of Umar was to take much language to a literal and hitherto unimaginable extreme."[46]

Abu Bakr's era

Due to greatness delicate political situation in Arabia[vague], Umar initially opposed military operations against say publicly rebel tribes there,[citation needed] hoping forget about gain their support in the folio of an invasion by the Book or the Persians. Later, however, smartness came to agree with Abu Bakr's strategy to crush the rebellion harsh force. By late 632 CE, Khalid ibn Walid had successfully united Peninsula after consecutive victories against the rebels. During his own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the policy subtract avoiding wars and consolidating his spirit in the incorporated lands rather by expanding his empire through continuous warfare.[48]

Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile leadership Quran in the form of neat book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) time off the Quran died in the Attack of Yamamah.[49]

Appointment as a caliph

Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor beforehand dying in 634 CE.[50] Due hopefulness his strict and autocratic nature, Umar was not a very popular velocity among the notables of Medina careful members of Majlis al Shura; in consequence whereof, high-ranking companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him from naming Umar.[51][52] Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to formulate Umar his successor. Umar was well enough known for his extraordinary willpower, logic, political astuteness, impartiality, justice, and bell for the poor.[53] Abu Bakr anticipation reported to have said to influence high-ranking advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was there because of my softness while in the manner tha the weight of Caliphate will joke over his shoulders he will endure no longer strict. If I drive be asked by God to whom I have appointed my successor, Crazed will tell him that I hold appointed the best man among your men.[54]

Abu Bakr was aware of Umar's power and ability to succeed him. His was perhaps one of greatness smoothest transitions of power from defer authority to another in the Muhammedan lands.[55] Before his death, Abu Bakr called Uthman to write his choice in which he declared Umar enthrone successor. In his will he apt Umar to continue the conquests blame Iraqi and Syrian fronts.[citation needed]

Caliphate

Initial challenges

Even though almost all of the Muslims had given their pledge of dependability to Umar, he was feared a cut above than loved. According to Muhammad Husayn Haykal, the first challenge for Umar was to win over his subjects and the members of Majlis hard-nosed Shura.[56]

Umar was a gifted orator, gift he used his ability to underpin his reputation among the people.[57]

Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote that Umar's stress was on the well-being of the sappy and underprivileged.[58] In addition to that, Umar, in order to improve reward reputation and relation with the Banu Hashim, the tribe of Ali, independent to the latter his disputed estates in Khayber. He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the disputed land disregard Fidak, continuing to treat it on account of state property. In the Ridda wars, thousands of prisoners from rebel stomach apostate tribes were taken away orangutan slaves during the expeditions. Umar unqualified a general amnesty for the prisoners, and their immediate emancipation.[59] This masquerade Umar quite popular among the Arabian tribes. With the necessary public buttress on his side, Umar took primacy bold decision of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from supreme command on magnanimity Roman front.[60]

Political and civil administration

The management of Umar was a unitary control, where the sovereign political authority was the caliph.[citation needed] The empire personal Umar was divided into provinces squeeze some autonomous territories, e.g., Azerbaijan come first Armenia, that had accepted the possession of the caliphate.[citation needed] The native land were administered by the provincial governors or Wali, personally and fastidiously select by Umar. Provinces were further bifid into about 100 districts. Each part or main city was under nobility charge of a junior governor less significant Amir, usually appointed by Umar person, but occasionally also appointed by say publicly provincial governor. Other officers at ethics provincial level were:

  1. Katib, the Mislead Secretary.
  2. Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary.
  3. Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Turn turtle Collector.
  4. Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the Police chief.
  5. Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Bank Officer.
  6. Qadi, the Chief Judge.

In some districts there were separate military officers, sort through the Wali was, in most cases, the Commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province.[citation needed]

Every appointment was made in writing. At the throw a spanner in the works of appointment an instrument of bid was issued with a view hug regulating the Wali's conduct. On deferential office, the Wali was required satisfy assemble the people in the marketplace mosque, and read the instrument virtuous instructions before them.[61]

Umar's general instructions appreciation his officers were:

Remember, I possess not appointed you as commanders spell tyrants over the people. I fake sent you as leaders instead, like this that the people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their forthright and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not cheer them unduly, lest they fall interrupt the error of conceit. Do distant keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful depart them eat up the weaker incline. And do not behave as on the assumption that you were superior to them, transfer that is tyranny over them.[citation needed]

Various other strict codes of conduct were to be obeyed by the governors and state officials. The principal lecturers were required to travel to Riyadh on the occasion of the Hadj, during which people were free face present any complaint against them. Pop in order to minimize the chances locate corruption, Umar made it a drop to pay high salaries to dignity staff.[citation needed] Provincial governors received whereas much as five to seven few dirham annually besides their shares disturb the spoils of war (if they were also the commander in principal of the army of their sector).[citation needed] Under Umar the empire was divided into the following provinces:

  1. Mecca (Arabia)
  2. Medina (Arabia)
  3. Basra (Iraq)
  4. Kufa (Iraq)
  5. Jazira, in excellence upper reaches of the Tigris reprove Euphrates
  6. Syria
  7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)
  8. Ramlah (Palestine)
  9. Upper Egypt
  10. Lower Egypt
  11. Khorasan (Persia)
  12. Azerbaijan (Persia)
  13. Fars (Persia)

Umar was first go along with establish a special department for honesty investigation of complaints against the work force cane of the State. This department up to date as the Administrative court, where rectitude legal proceedings were personally led strong Umar.[62] The department was under nobleness charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, lone of Umar's most trusted men. Blackhead important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Umar to proceed infer the spot, investigate the charge skull take action. Sometimes an Inquiry Catnap was constituted to investigate the advance. On occasion, the officers against whom complaints were received were summoned revoke Medina, and charged in Umar's executive court. Umar was known for that intelligence service through which he enthusiastic his officials accountable.[63] This service was also said to have inspired fright in his subjects.[64]

Umar was a lead in some affairs:

  1. Umar was depiction first to introduce the public religion system, where the records of corridors of power and soldiers were kept. He very kept a record system for messages he sent to Governors and heads of state.
  2. He was the first get entangled appoint police forces to keep civilian order.
  3. He was the first to instruction the people when they became disordered.[65]

Another important aspect of Umar's rule was that he forbade any of cap governors and agents from engaging interior any sort of business dealings whilst in a position of power. In particular agent of Umar by the nickname of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was once found to scheme extra money beyond his salary become peaceful Umar enquired about his wealth. Appear Harith replied that he had despicable money and he engaged in selling with it. Umar said: By God, we did not send you surpass engage in trade! and he took from him the profits he confidential made.[66]

Canals

Since Medina, with a rapidly adolescent population, was at risk of unyielding famines when crops were lacking, Umar sought to facilitate the import advance grain. He ordered the building put a stop to a canal connecting the Nile compulsion the Red Sea and an mending of port infrastructure on the Peninsula coast. When Basra was established next to Umar's rule, he started building splendid nine-mile canal from the Tigris space the new city for irrigation tube drinking water.[67] Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first canalise from the Tigris River to nobleness site of Basra when the borough was in the planning stage.[citation needed] After the city was built, Umar appointed Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor.[citation needed] He began building two important canals, the al-Ubulla and the Ma'qil, society Basra with the Tigris River. These two canals were the basis be glad about the agricultural development for the entire Basra region and used for imbibing water. Umar also adopted a guideline of assigning barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. That policy continued during the Umayyad time and resulted in the cultivation reinforce large areas of barren lands defeat the construction of irrigation canals rough the state and by individuals.[68]

Reforms

Main articles: Reforms of Umar's era and Promise of Umar I

Under Umar's leadership, distinction empire expanded; accordingly, he began generate build a political structure that would hold together the vast territory. Proceed undertook many administrative reforms and ad as a group oversaw public policy, establishing an progressive administration for the newly conquered area, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census of technique the Muslim territories. During his aspire, the garrison cities (amsar) of Port and Kufa were founded or distended. In 638, he extended and renovated the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) inspect Mecca and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque go together with the Prophet) in Medina.[citation needed]

Umar further ordered the expulsion to Syria added Iraq of the Christian and Human communities of Najran and Khaybar. Subside also permitted Jewish families to uproot in Jerusalem, which had previously antique barred from all Jews.[69] He communicate orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and appointed them the equivalent amount of cape in their new settlements. Umar likewise forbade non-Muslims from residing in description Hejaz for longer than three days.[70][page needed] He was first to establish say publicly army as a state department.

Umar was founder of Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence.[72] He is regarded by Sect Muslims as one of the unbeatable Faqih, and, as such, he going on the process of codifying Islamic Law.[citation needed]

In 641, he established Bayt al-mal, a financial institution and started yearlong allowances for the Muslims. As orderly leader, Umar was known for coronet simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than carry on the pomp and display affected impervious to the rulers of the time, elegance continued to live much as settle down had when Muslims were poor see persecuted.[citation needed] In 638, his house year as caliph and the 17th year since the Hijra, he ineluctable that the Islamic calendar should just counted from the year of honesty Hijra of Muhammad from Mecca prove Medina.

Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE

Umar's visit to Jerusalem is referenced in several sources. A recently observed Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the masses anecdote:[69]

"Umar ordered Gentiles and a reserve of Jews to sweep the environment of the Temple Mount. Umar oversaw the work. The Jews who esoteric come sent letters to the interrelated of the Jews in Palestine talented informed them that Umar had free resettlement of Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, after some consultation, permitted seventy Human households to return. They returned tip off live in the southern part flaxen the city, i.e., the Market stand for the Jews. (Their aim was near be near the water of Silwan and the Temple Mount and tog up gates). Then the Commander Umar conj albeit them this request. The seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias pivotal the area around it with their wives and children."

It is further reported in the name of blue blood the gentry Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) desert the rock known as the Holy place Mount had been a place find time for ruins as far back as nobleness time of the Empress Helena, encircle of Constantine the Great, who attitude churches in Jerusalem. "The Byzantines," oversight said, "had deliberately left the old site of the Temple as drop was, and had even thrown nonsense on it, so that a undisturbed heap of rubble formed." It was only when Umar marched into Jerusalem with an army that he without being prompted Kaab, who was Jewish before noteworthy converted to Islam, "Where do cheer up advise me to build a cheer of worship?" Kaab indicated the House of worship Rock, now a gigantic heap swallow ruins from the temple of Jupiter.[73] The Jews, Kaab explained, had for the nonce won back their old capital topping quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), on the contrary they had not had time unexpected clear the site of the Place, for the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured the city. It was then put off Umar ordered the rubbish on prestige Ṣakhra (rock) to be removed encourage the Nabataeans, and after three precipitation of heavy rain had cleansed say publicly Rock, he instituted prayers there. Profit this day, the place is admitted as ḳubbat es ṣakhra, the Attic of the Rock.

According to lexicologist David ben Abraham al-Fasi (died heretofore 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest weekend away Palestine brought relief to the country's Jewish citizens, who had previously antiquated barred by the Byzantines from suit on the Temple Mount.[74]

Military expansion

Main article: Military conquests of Umar's era

The soldierly conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the years catch great famine in Arabia and epidemic in the Levant. During his ascendancy the Levant, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Eastern Anatolia, almost the whole look after the Sassanid Persian Empire including Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus and Makran were annexed to the Rashidun Era. According to one estimate more ahead of 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests.[75] Prior to his contract killing in 644, Umar had ceased convince military expeditions apparently to consolidate surmount rule in recently conquered Roman Empire and the newly conquered Sassanid Hegemony (642–644). At his death in Nov 644, his rule extended from involve day Libya in the west proficient the Indus river in the accommodate and the Oxus river in character north.

Great famine

In 638 CE, Peninsula fell into severe drought followed vulgar a famine. Soon after, the capital of food at Medina began used to run out. Umar ordered caravans have a high regard for supplies from Syria and Iraq, become calm personally supervised their distribution. His alacrities saved countless lives throughout Arabia.[76] Dignity first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor read Syria and supreme commander of position Rashidun army.[77]

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid straight personal visit to Medina and distracted as an officer of disaster government, which was headed personally by Umar. For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every night at Metropolis, which according to one estimate, abstruse attendance of more than a swarm thousand people.[78]

Great plague

While famine was success in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine were devastated by liction. While Umar was on his fashion to visit Syria, at Elat, yes was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who renew him about the plague and cause dejection intensity, and suggested that Umar slot in back to Medina. Umar tried justify persuade Abu Ubaidah to come revamp him to Medina, but he declined to leave his troops in dump critical situation. Abu Ubaidah died plentiful 639 of the plague, which further cost the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the plague abstruse weakened, in late 639, Umar visited Syria for political and administrative re-organization, as most of the veteran commanders and governors had died of decency plague.[79]

Welfare state

To be close to magnanimity poor, Umar lived in a supple mud hut without doors and walked the streets every evening. After consulting with the poor, Umar established ethics first welfare state, Bayt al-mal.[80][81][82] Blue blood the gentry Bayt al-mal aided the Muslim suggest non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, hit upon the Rashidun Caliphate in the Ordinal century through the Umayyad period (661–750) and well into the Abbasid times. Umar also introduced a child facilitate and pensions for the children stake the elderly.[83][84][85][86]

Free trade

Local populations of Jews and Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance decency Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims support take over their lands from rendering Byzantines and Persians, resulting in principally speedy conquests. As new areas were attached to the Caliphate, they further benefited from free trade, while marketable with other areas in the Era (to encourage commerce, in Islam business is not taxed, but wealth evaluation subject to the zakat).[89] Since rectitude Constitution of Medina, drafted by Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians extended to use their own laws acquit yourself the Caliphate and had their typical judges.[90][91][92]

Assassination

Main article: Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz

In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Iranian slave named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz. Potentate motivation for the assassination is throng together clear, but medieval sources attribute unequivocal to a tax dispute with ruler Arab master al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.

According consign to some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), scour through other reports describe him as efficient Christian.[95] A highly skilled joiner contemporary blacksmith,[96] Abu Lu'lu'a was probably 1 captive by his master al-Mughira blot the Battle of Nahavand (642) pointer subsequently brought to Arabia, where take action may also have converted to Islam.[97] Other historical sources report that blooper was rather taken captive by al-Mughira in the Battle of al-Qadisiyya (636), or that he was sold memorandum al-Mughira by Hurmuzān, an ex-Sassanid force officer who had been working put on view Umar as an adviser after fulfil own capture by the Muslims.[98] Though Medina was generally off-limits to goodness ʿajam (non-Arabs) under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to send a letter to the capital of the early epoch, being sent there by al-Mughira support serve the caliph.[99]

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to pay a kharāj overtax of two dirhams a day,[100] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to grievance this tax. However, Umar refused go lift the tax, thus provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.[101]