Zakir hussain politician biography of alberta

President of India from to

For the Pakistani governor, see Zakir Husain (governor).For other people with similar take advantage, see Zakir Hussain.

Zakir Husain Khan (8 February &#;– 3 May ) was an Indian educationist and politician who served as the 2nd Vice Conductor of India from to and Tertiary president of India from 13 Possibly will until his death on 3 Possibly will

Born in Hyderabad in an AfridiPashtun family, Husain completed his schooling infringe Etawah and went on to burn the midnight oil at the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh and the University of Berlin devour where he obtained a doctoral level in economics. A close associate thoroughgoing Mahatma Gandhi, Husain was a innovation member of the Jamia Millia Islamia which was established as an illogical national university in response to significance Non-cooperation movement. He served as righteousness university's vice-chancellor from to In , Husain chaired the Basic National Rearing Committee which framed a new instructional policy known as Nai Talim which emphasized free and compulsory education shore the first language. He was conflicting to the policy of separate electorates for Muslims and, in , probity Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Solon vetoed a proposal by the Asian National Congress to include Husain suspend the Interim Government of India.

Following Independence and the Partition of Bharat Husain stayed on in India bid, in , was appointed Vice Head of government of the Aligarh Muslim University which he helped retain as a state-owned institution of higher learning. For crown services to education, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in and was made a nominated member of magnanimity Indian Parliament during to Husain served as Governor of Bihar from call on and was elected the Vice Leader of India in The following gathering, he was conferred the Bharat Ratna. He was elected president in , succeeding Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and became grandeur first Muslim to hold the maximum constitutional office in India. He was also the first incumbent to knuckle under in office and had the outright tenure of any Indian president. Realm mazar lies in the campus be more or less the Jamia Millia Islamia in City.

An author and translator of various books into Urdu and a copious writer of children's books, Husain has been commemorated in India through manner stamps and several educational institutions, libraries, roads and Asia's largest rose estate that have been named after him.

Early life and family

Husain was citizen in Hyderabad in and was introduce Afridi Pashtun descent, his forefathers gaining settled in the town of Qaimganj in the Farrukhabad district of contemporary Uttar Pradesh. His father, Fida Husain Khan, moved to the Deccan lecture established a successful legal career subtract Hyderabad where he settled in Husain was the third of seven course of action of Fida Khan and Naznin Begum. He was homeschooled in the Quran, Persian and Urdu and is become skilled at that he had his primary institution education at the Sultan Bazaar secondary in Hyderabad.^[4] Following his father's brusque in Husain's family shifted back lend your energies to Qaimganj and he was enrolled finish even the Islamia High School in Etawah. Husain's mother and several members dominate his extended family died in smashing plague epidemic in

Having matriculated notes , he joined the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh and later, undecorated preparation for a medical degree, bundle up the Lucknow Christian College enrolling on line for a Bachelor of Science degree. On the rocks bout of illness led to him having to discontinue his studies current a year later he rejoined illustriousness college at Aligarh. Husain graduated put in with philosophy, English literature and accounts. He was elected vice president spot the college's students' union and won prizes for his debating skills. Husain pursued the disciplines of law roost economics for his post-graduate studies. Receipt obtained his master's degree in , he was appointed as a scholar at the college.

In , while tea break pursuing his graduation, Husain married Shahjahan Begum with whom he had connect daughters, Sayeeda Khan and Safia Rahman.^[8] Safia married Zil-ur-Rahman, a professor understanding physics at the Aligarh Muslim Medical centre while Sayeeda married Khurshed Alam Caravanserai who served as a Union Cleric and Governor.^[9] Their son Salman Khurshid became India's External Affairs Minister solution ^[10]

Of Husain's six brothers, Yusuf Husain became a historian and a espouse of the Sahitya Akademi Award who served as Pro Vice-Chancellor of interpretation Aligarh Muslim University. Mahmud Husain was closely associated with the Pakistan Crossing, becoming Minister of Education in decency Government of Pakistan and Vice-Chancellor cultivate Dhaka and Karachi Universities.^[12] His nephew, General Rahimuddin Khan went on stay in become Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs take up Staff Committee and later Governor blame Balochistan and Sindh.^[13] Masud Husain, goodness nephew from his eldest brother, became Professor Emeritus in Social Sciences eye the Aligarh Muslim University and consequent Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia.^[14][15]

Career

Sheikh-ul-Jamia, Jamia Millia Islamia (–)

In , Guru Gandhi visited the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Institution in Aligarh where he urged refusal with the British Raj. In take on to Gandhi's appeal, a group slant students and faculty joined the Disregard Movement. In October they established greatness Independent National University aimed at conveyance education free from colonial influence. Late renamed the Jamia Millia Islamia, thunderous shifted in from Aligarh to Metropolis. Husain was one of the founders of this private university which challenging Maulana Muhammad Ali as its twig "Sheikh-ul-Jamia" (vice-chancellor) and Hakim Ajmal Caravanserai as the first "Amir-i-Jamia" (chancellor).^[16][12][17] Jamia, as the Turkish educationist Halide Edib noted, had two purposes: "First, without delay train the Muslim youth with cry ideas of their rights and duties as Indian citizens. Second, to systematize Islamic thought and behaviour with Faith. The general aim is to commit to paper a harmonious nationhood without Muslims drain their Islamic identity. In its concentration, if not always in its approach, it is nearer to Gandhian Momentum than any other Islamic institution Berserk have come across."^[18] In its inauspicious years, Jamia faced shortage of dough and its continued existence was hang back especially after the Non-Cooperation Movement roost the Khilafat Committee closed down.^[19]

Husain weigh up for Germany in to do trig doctorate in economics from the Institution of Berlin. Supervised by Werner Sombart, his thesis on the agrarian style in British India was accepted summa cum laude in ^[a][21] During cap time in Berlin, Husain collaborated tie in with Alfred Ehrenreich to translate into European thirty-three of Gandhi's speeches which were published in as Die Botschaft nonsteroid Mahatma Gandhi. Husain got published honesty Diwan-e-Ghalib in and the Diwan-i-Shaida, a-one collection of poetry by Hakim Ajmal Khan in ^[23] He returned sort out India in and succeeded Abdul Majeed Khwaja as "Sheikh-ul-Jamia". He was hitched by Mohammad Mujeeb and Abid Hussain – the latter becoming the sanatorium registrar. Husain travelled across India impetration funds for the Jamia and got financial support from Mahatma Gandhi, leadership Bombay philanthropist Seth Jamal Mohammed, Khwaja Abdul Hamied the founder of nobleness pharmaceutical firm Cipla and the Nizam of Hyderabad among others.

In , dinky National Education Society was established tell off manage the affairs of the Jamia. Zakir Husain became its secretary. Denomination be a life member of rendering society, members pledged their services touch on it for 20 years with excellent salary that could not exceed Adapt to Husain was one of the 11 initial members who took the word of honour. The society adopted a constitution support the university which stipulated that excellence Jamia would neither seek nor take any help from the colonial regulation, and that it would treat technique religions impartially. Husain himself identified authority aim of the Jamia as proforma to "keep alive Islamic culture be proof against education and also help in character realization of the ideal of unadulterated common nationhood and the achievement emancipation the freedom of the country […] [and that] the Jamia's objectives sentry Islamic education, the love of selfdetermination and service to Urdu".^[18]

Husain remained depiction Jamia's vice chancellor until ^[26] Assume the s he built his bring in, the Zakir Manzil, on the Gulmohar Avenue in Jamia Nagar.^[27] Husain was opposed to the policy of have common ground electorates for Muslims and was graceful political opponent of Muhammad Ali Statesman, the leader of the Muslim Combine, who vetoed the Congress proposal in detail include Husain as a member go the Interim Government in ^[28][29] Husain however convinced Jinnah to attend say publicly Jamia's silver jubilee celebration on 17 November At a time of backbone animosity between the Congress and interpretation Muslim League and worsening inter-communal intercourse, the celebration was attended by Solon, his sister Fatima and Liaquat Khalif Khan from the Muslim League lecture Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad and Apophthegm. Rajagopalachari of the Congress.^[28] In efficient plea to the assembled leaders, Husain said

"You, gentlemen, are the stars of the political firmament. You hold a secure place in the whist of millions of people. Taking dominance of your presence here, I demand to submit in great sorrow topping few words for your consideration chew over behalf of the educational workers. Representation fire of hatred is fast epidemic which makes it seem mad protect tend to the garden of bringing-up. This fire is burning in grand noble and humane land. How prerogative the flowers of nobility and judgment grow in its midst? How inclination we be able to improve being standards which lie today at spiffy tidy up level far lower than that objection the beasts? How shall we add new servants devoted to the gain somebody's support of education? How can you comprise humanity in a world of animals? . An Indian poet has remarked that every child who comes be introduced to this world brings along the tell that God has not yet left out faith in man. But have rustle up countrymen so completely lost faith spartan themselves that they wish to fees these innocent buds before they blossom? For God's sake sit together put forward extinguish this fire of hatred. That is not the time to have words with who is responsible for it captain what is its cause. The fervour is raging. Please extinguish it. Annoyed God's sake do not allow significance very foundations of civilised life advise this country to be destroyed."^[b][28]

Basic Nationwide Education Committee ()

In October , brush All-India National Education Conference was set aside at Wardha under Mahatma Gandhi which sought to establish a policy funding basic education in India. The conversation appointed a Basic National Education chaired by Husain (also known as rendering Zakir Husain committee) which was tasked with preparing the detailed scheme celebrated syllabus for this policy.^[33] The cabinet submitted its report in December come first formulated the Wardha Scheme of Originator National Education or Nai Talim. Goodness policy, inter alia, proposed teaching artistry work in schools, instilling ideals announcement citizenship, and its establishment as elegant self-supporting scheme. It proposed seven life-span of free and compulsory basic instruction in the mother tongue, the tutorial of crafts, music and drawing skull learning the Hindustani language. It extremely proposed a comprehensive plan for glory training of teachers and framed warmth curriculum.^[34][35]

The Congress party in its Haripura session of accepted the scheme stake sought to implement it nationwide.^[36] Wish All-India Education Board (the Hindustani Talimi Sangh) was established to implement integrity scheme under Husain and E.W. Aryanayakam with Gandhi as its overall superintendent. Husain remained the President of distinction Hindustani Talimi Sangh from to while in the manner tha he was succeeded by Kaka Kalelkar.^[38][40] The scheme was wholly opposed stomach-turning the Muslim League which saw ethics scheme as an attempt to step by step destroy Muslim culture in India spreadsheet the focus on Hindustani language type a ploy to replace Urdu go-slow Sanskritized Hindi. The Congress party's cause that the scheme had been formulated by Husain was rejected by picture Muslim League in its Patna fixation of where it declared that "the mere fact that the Principal all but Jamia Millia at Delhi has employed a prominent part in the concordat of the scheme does not prevent that it is not unsuited strut the Muslims".^[36] India's National Policy copied Education of , and all finish equal on the ideas contained in excellence Wardha Scheme of Basic National Education.^[34][41]

Following the Partition of India, Husain was almost killed in communal violence console the Jalandhar railway station while explicit was on his way to Cashmere – an experience he described xii years later to his friend Abdul Majid Daryabadi. On his return achieve Delhi, Husain worked to help say publicly victims of rioting in Delhi.^[42] Goodness Jamia Millia Islamia's buildings at Karol Bagh were looted and destroyed appoint the violence in Delhi.^[43]

Vice-Chancellor, Aligarh Islamist University (–)

Husain was appointed Vice Prime minister of the Aligarh Muslim University vibrate , succeeding Nawab Ismail Khan.^[16] Leadership university had been closely associated tackle the Pakistan Movement and had anachronistic a stronghold of the Muslim Confederation. It was therefore perceived as a- center of pro-Pakistan feeling and organized threat to secular India. Maulana Azad, the Union Minister of Education, tasked Husain with leading the university to such a degree accord that it could be retained reorganization a national institution of higher education.^[12] Husain, who had served as nifty member of the Universities Commission betwixt December and August however took ordinary charge only in early as closure was incapacitated following a heart walk out in October He set to awl, attempting to dissociate the university spread its past association with the Muhammadan League and restoring school discipline. Genre released from prison for involvement kick up a rumpus Communist activism were readmitted and socialists and communists from across North Bharat took up the vacancies created manage without the departure of Muslim nationalists reserve Pakistan. Husain also filled up uninhabited faculty positions with eminent academicians.^[44][45] Take away , Parliament enacted the Aligarh Muhammadan University (Amendment) Act which converted primacy university from a private, aided college to an autonomous institution of prestige Government of India, fully maintained fail to see it. This ensured stability in honourableness university's finances while also allowing set out autonomy in governance.^[44] By the simulated of his tenure, Husain had repellent around the fortunes of the campus, helping it overcome the uncertainty movement faced in independent India and walk a national institution under the gamp aegis of the Government of India.^[45]

Husain served as a nominated Member of dignity Rajya Sabha from 3 April communication 2 April and was renominated pride , serving until his resignation circle 6 July following his appointment tempt the Governor of Bihar.^[c][48][49] For queen services in the areas of mannerliness and education Husain was conferred righteousness Padma Vibhushan in ^[50] Throughout rectitude s he was associated with a number of organizations working in the field learn education. He was chairman, India Cabinet, International Students Service (), the Planet University Service, Geneva during –57 paramount was a member of the Main Board of Secondary Education (). Let go served on the executive board endowment the UNESCO during –^[51][38]

Governor of Province (–)

Husain was the Governor of State from 6 July to 11 Haw ^[52] Contrary to the advice bank the then Chief Minister of Province, Shri Krishna Sinha, Governor Husain, who was also Chancellor of Patna Doctrine reappointed for a second term fraudulence serving Vice-Chancellor. In response, the asseverate government considered amending the law helter-skelter require the governor to appoint uncluttered vice-chancellor as advised by the central minister. Husain however threatened to apostatize rather than assent to such encyclopaedia amendment forcing the government to decline its plans.^[53][12] In later appointments complete as Vice-Chancellors of other state universities in Bihar, Husain accepted the facilitate of the Chief Minister in depiction exercise of his powers as Premier and acted accordingly although he was opposed to the appointment of non-academicians as vice chancellors to universities.^[54]

On 14 April , the Congress party chose Husain to be its candidate sort the upcoming election to the entreaty of the Vice President of India.^[55][56] The election was held on 7 May , and votes counted rendering same day. Husain won of votes cast while his only rival Traditional. C. Samantsinhar won 14 votes.^[d] Without fear was sworn in as vice numero uno on 13 May

In , Husain was nominated the Vice President deal in the Sahitya Akademi – a pole held by his predecessor S. Solon before his election as President notice India.^[59] The following year, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna.^[60][61] In blooper served briefly as the acting headman when President Radhakrishnan left for ethics United Kingdom to undergo treatment meditate cataract.^[62][63] It was during his meticulous presidency that President's rule was reimposed in Kerala after elections held respecting the previous month failed to give off any party a majority and efforts by the Governor to facilitate honourableness formation of a government collapsed.^[64][65]

As ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, Husain gave rulings clarifying that Union ministers were entitled to speak in either house of parliament and that skilful sitting member of parliament who difficult been appointed as a Minister be next to a State would not be ineligible from attending Parliament or voting mull it over its debates until the member challenging been elected to the state senate. In , he ruled that orderly immunity from arrest would be unadulterated to only civil cases and would not apply to criminal proceedings initiated against members.^[67]

Husain was chosen as grandeur Congress party's candidate to succeed Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan as the President of Bharat in the presidential election of Respecting was a lack of enthusiasm bring about the candidature of Husain within say publicly party, but Prime Minister Indira Statesman chose to nominate him as distinction party candidate over objections raised descendant K. Kamaraj, the party president, take precedence other senior members of her cabinet.^[70][71] A coalition of seven opposition parties got the sitting Chief Justice business India, Koka Subbarao to resign culminate post and contest the election pass for their joint candidate.^[72][73] Unlike the team a few previous presidential elections, the election swallow proved to be a real event between the various candidates.^[70][71] The push was marred by communal rhetoric president accusations of sectarianism being made antithetical Husain by the Jana Sangh party.^[74][75] There was also speculation that Husain would lose on account of wet through voting against him by Congress legislators, an outcome which would have artificial the Prime Minister to resign.^[70][71]

There were 17 candidates in the fray cooperation the election held on 6 Can Of these, nine failed to carry the day any vote. Husain won 4,71, votes against the 3,63, received by Subbarao. The margin of 1,07, votes was much larger than what was expectable by the Congress party with Husain winning the most votes in Legislative body and in twelve state legislatures containing three where the Congress Party sat in the opposition.^[77] The results bargain the presidential election, coming after honesty general elections of where the Hearing party had suffered severe setbacks, were seen as strengthening Prime Minister Gandhi.^[78][79] Husain was declared elected on 9 May ^[80] His election as presidency was seen domestically as the Copulation Party's attempt to reach out lengthen the Muslims of India who abstruse voted against it in the public elections and globally as burnishing India's claim of being a secular nation.^[81][82]

Husain was sworn in on 13 May ^[83] In a memorable opening address, while dedicating himself to justness service of the Indian nation stand for its civilization, Husain said

The whole demonstration Bharat is my home and academic people are my family. The grouping have chosen to make me dignity head of this family for dialect trig certain time. It shall be blurry earnest endeavour to seek to fine this home strong and beautiful, out worthy home for a great citizenry engaged in the fascinating task break into building up a just and moneyed and graceful life.

Husain was the primary Muslim and the first governor a range of a state to be elected Mr big of India.^[87][88][89] Husain's election was challenged before the Supreme Court of Bharat on the grounds that the appear in of the election had been unoccupied by undue influence exerted by rectitude Prime Minister. The election petition filed by Baburao Patel was however unemployed by the court.^[90][91] During his statesmanly tenure, Husain led state visits commend Canada, Hungary, Yugoslavia, USSR and Nepal.^[92][93] Husain, who had an interest layer roses, is credited with having naturalized several new varieties in the Mughal Gardens of the Rashtrapati Bhavan increase in intensity building a glass conservatory for tight collection of succulents.^[94][95][96]

Author

Husain wrote extensively ready money Urdu and also translated several books into that language. His translations involve Friedrich List's National System of Economics, Edwin Cannan's Elements of Economics take Plato's Republic.^[97] He also wrote largely on education in books such whilst Aala Taleem, Hindustan me Taleem ki az Sar-E-Nau Tanzeem, Qaumi Taleem explode Taleemi Khutbat and on Urdu poets Altaf Hussain Hali in Hali: Muhibb-e-Watan and Mirza Ghalib in Intikhab-e-Ghalib.^[98][99][] Husain wrote several stories for children which he published under a nom drop off plume.^[] These include Uqab aur Doosri Kahaniyan and stories translated into Humanities and published under The Magic Critical series by Zubaan Books.^[][][]Capitalism: An Constitution in Understanding is a series stencil lectures he delivered at the Metropolis University in ^[] His convocation addresses were published in as The Vigorous University.^[][] As President of India, Husain headed a committee to celebrate birth Ghalib Centenary in which recommended influence establishment of the Ghalib Institute orangutan a memorial to Ghalib whereas illustriousness Ghalib Academy in Delhi was inaugurated by Husain in ^[][]

Death and legacy

Husain, who had suffered a mild insurance attack earlier in the year, was unwell after returning to Delhi shake off a tour of Assam on 26 April He died in the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 3 May of dialect trig heart attack. Vice PresidentV. V. Giri was sworn in as acting chairwoman the same day.^[][][] The Government cherished India declared thirteen days of stable mourning.^[][] His body lay in affirm in the Durbar Hall of illustriousness Rashtrapati Bhavan where an estimated , people paid their tributes. The entombment was held on 5 May Of course is buried in the university erudite of the Jamia Millia Islamia situation his body was taken in practised gun carriage in a ceremonial exequies procession, after the janaza prayers essential the national salute being offered suffer the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[][] The United Semite Republic, Syria, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Nepal, Bhutan and Trinidad and Tobago grab hold of declared several days' of mourning.^[] Husain's death was mourned in Pakistan introduce well where flags flew at fifty per cent mast on the day of crown funeral.^[][][] Pakistan's President Yahya Khan meander the Chief of Air Staff get through Pakistan Air Force and Deputy Central Martial Law AdministratorAir MarshalMalik Nur Caravanserai as his personal representative to decency funeral. George Romney, Secretary of Homes and Urban Development, represented President President and the United States whereas prestige Soviet Union was represented by well-fitting Prime MinisterAlexei Kosygin. The Prime Ministers of Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Nepal as well attended the funeral. Up to trim million people are thought to be endowed with lined the streets as the exequies cortege made its way to dignity burial ground.^[][][] Husain was the foremost President to die in office last has served the shortest tenure regulate office.^[]

Husain's tomb was built in gain was designed by Habib Rahman.^[] Sheltered architecture reflects the influence of Bauhaus aesthetics on traditional Indian styles by the same token seen in its eight curved, deep concrete walls topped by rough incision marble which have been inspired inured to Tughluq tombs.^[] These tapering walls unclear along a square plan to stand up an open structure topped by unornamented shallow dome. The tomb has negation ornamentation but features jalis and arches. The graves of Husain and her highness wife lie under the dome director the tomb.^[][]

Commemoration

Commemorative postage stamps on Husain were issued by Bharat Post in and ^[][]A Rose Entitled Zakir Husain – A Life introduce Dedication is a documentary film exact the life of Husain produced by means of the Films Division of India.^[][] Intensity the Delhi College, a constituent faculty of the Delhi University, was renamed the Zakir Husain Delhi College.^[][] Blue blood the gentry Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru University obscure the Dr. Zakir Husain Central Scrutinize of the Jamia Millia Islamia burst in on also named after him.^[][] Delhi's Wellesley Road was renamed the Dr. Zakir Husain Marg.^[][][] The Zakir Hussain Cardinal Garden in Chandigarh, which is Asia's largest rose garden, is also forename after Husain.^[][]Dr. Zakir Hussain – Coach who became President, a book alter ego Husain by the Indian Council entertain Cultural Relations, was released in ^[]

Awards and honours

Notes

References